Tristram Shandy, the use of intertextuality by Laurence Sterne

Tristram Shandy

Laurence Sterne

Q. How does Sterne use intertextuality in Tristram Shandy? Discuss with reference to any two instances of intertextuality in the novel.

Answer: Intertextuality refers to the relationship between texts, or the way in which a text is influenced by or makes reference to other texts. This can include explicit references or allusions, as well as more subtle or indirect connections. Intertextuality can be used to enrich the meaning of a text, to create new interpretations or associations, or to situate a text within a broader cultural context.

It can also be used as a literary technique to subvert or challenge established narratives, or to play with audience expectations. The concept of intertextuality is often associated with postmodernism, as it emphasizes the idea that all texts are interconnected and influenced by the cultural and historical context in which they were created.

Laurence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy is known for its use of intertextuality, which refers to the technique of incorporating references to other texts or cultural works within a literary work. Sterne employs intertextuality in various ways, including allusions to classical literature, contemporary novels, and even to his own earlier works. Here are two instances of intertextuality in Tristram Shandy:

The Homeric Epithets:

One example of intertextuality in Tristram Shandy is Sterne's use of Homeric epithets, which are phrases used in Homer's epic poems to describe characters and objects. Sterne uses these epithets to describe his characters in a humorous and ironic way. For example, he refers to the character Uncle Toby as "the most honest and friendly of mortal men," which is a common Homeric epithet used to describe heroes. However, Uncle Toby is a retired military man who spends his days reenacting battles with his faithful servant, Corporal Trim. By using this epithet, Sterne highlights the contrast between Uncle Toby's heroic self-image and his actual behavior.

Another example of Homeric epithets in the novel is the way Sterne describes Dr. Slop, a bumbling obstetrician who delivers Tristram Shandy in a comical and disastrous manner. Sterne calls him "the Trojans' physician," which is a Homeric epithet used to describe the god Apollo. This allusion is particularly ironic because Dr. Slop is far from godlike; he is clumsy, arrogant, and prone to making mistakes.

The Story of Le Fevre:

Another example of intertextuality in Tristram Shandy is Sterne's use of the story of Le Fevre, which is an allusion to a real-life incident recounted by the philosopher John Locke. In the novel, Tristram's uncle Toby becomes obsessed with the story of Le Fevre, a dying soldier who seeks refuge in a clergyman's house. The clergyman offers him comfort and assistance, but ultimately cannot save him. The story is used by Sterne to explore the themes of war, death, and compassion.

The story of Le Fevre is an intertextual reference to John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding, in which Locke tells the same story to illustrate the moral concept of duty. By including this story in Tristram Shandy, Sterne adds depth and complexity to his characters and their motivations. Uncle Toby's interest in the story reflects his own sense of duty as a former soldier, and his desire to find meaning in a chaotic and violent world.

In conclusion, Sterne's use of intertextuality in Tristram Shandy serves to enrich the novel with additional layers of meaning and humor. By referencing other texts and cultural works, Sterne creates a complex web of associations that adds depth to his characters and themes. The Homeric epithets and the story of Le Fevre are just two examples of how Sterne uses intertextuality to create a multi-dimensional work of literature.

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